Kent Harbinson Courtney

Kent Harbinson Courtney, October 23, 1918 (St. Paul., Minn.) – August 12, 1997 (Alexandria, La.)

VP candidate for Conservative Party of New Jersey (aka Conservative Party) (1960)

Running mate with nominee: Joseph Bracken Lee (1899-1996)

Popular vote: 8,708 (0.01%)
Electoral vote: 0/537

The campaign:

Like some other third party figures (e.g. Symon Gould of the American Vegetarian Party) this is a case where the VP nominee was actually the true power behind the scenes.

Kent Courtney was a Louisiana-based extreme Right-wing segregationist, anti-communist and member of John Birch Society. Through the use of radio programs, pamphlets, letters to the editor, and his own newspapers he had been agitating for the creation of a new conservative third party.

Early in 1960 Courtney ran for Governor of Louisiana as a member of the States' Rights Party. After that failed he worked to have US Sen. Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) become the Republican Party nominee. When Goldwater was defeated by Richard Nixon, Courtney returned to the notion of starting a new far-Right party. In 1960 there was a plethora of conservative political parties already in existence and it isn't clear by his actions if Courtney wanted to unite them under his leadership or simply do his own thing.

Also in 1960 Courtney was a States' Rights Party Presidential "Unpledged" Elector for Louisiana. This ballot choice finished with 20.99% of the vote in that state, winning in 17 parishes.

Courtney's efforts to create a strong conservative third party ticket ran into some problems. His idea of the ideal candidate was the populist segregationist Democratic Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus. The Governor claimed he had to concentrate on being re-elected to the office he already held so he was dropped from consideration, but as it turned out the National States' Rights Party nabbed Faubus' name for their Presidential nominee. Next was US Sen. Strom Thurmond (D-SC), but at the end of August 1960 Thurmond refused to run: "I have declined previously to be a candidate of a third party for the presidency this year, and I again decline to be an independent candidate, or to permit my name to be used on such a ticket."

When the newly formed Conservative Party managed to file for the only state where they qualified for the ballot-- New Jersey-- they got around the Strom-for-President problem by making the Senator the VP nominee instead! Sen. Goldwater was listed as the nominee for President. But both senators wanted nothing to do with the Conservative Party of New Jersey, so at the last minute the embryonic political group put Joseph Bracken Lee in the Presidential slot and Kent Courtney as his running mate.

Lee, the former Republican Governor of Utah and 1956 VP nominee for the Texas Constitution Party, was now the newly elected Mayor of Salt Lake City. I could not locate any comment by Lee regarding his 1960 Presidential nomination.

On the ballot in New Jersey only, their 8708 poll amounted to 0.31% of the popular vote in the Garden State, where they placed 4th behind the Socialist Workers Party.

Election history:
1954 - City Council, New Orleans, La. (Democratic) - defeated
1960 - Governor of Louisiana (States's Rights Party) - defeated
1976 - US House of Representatives (Independent) - defeated

Other occupations: sailor (US Navy WWII), airline pilot, commercial officer with the British consulate in New Orleans, public relations, teacher, newspaper publisher, author, radio personality

Buried: Bayou Ridge Baptist Cemetery (Evergreen, La.)

Notes:
Also called Kent Harbenson Courtney
Reluctantly supported Goldwater in 1964 even though he felt the Senator was too liberal.
Worked in the American Independent Party for Wallace in 1968
Saw a UFO while piloting a plane from Brazil to Africa in 1944 and became a lifelong UFOlogist.
Was a close associate of JFK assassination conspiracy figure Guy Banister.

Thomas Harold Werdel

Thomas Harold Werdel, September 13, 1905 (Emery, S.D.) – September 30, 1966 (Bakersfield, Calif.)

VP candidate for Independent States' Rights Party (aka States' Rights Party aka For America Party aka National Andrews-Werdel Party aka Andrew-Werdel Party aka Dixiecrats aka Independent aka Conservative Party) (1956)

Running mate with nominee: T. Coleman Andrews (1899-1983)

Popular vote: 108,956 (0.18%)
Electoral vote: 0/531

The campaign:

Of all the Right-wing third party presidential campaigns of 1956 this one was the most well-financed and successful in terms of bridging a lasting coalition of Southern Democratic segregationists with  anti-Establishment/anti-Eisenhower Republicans and setting the stage for future victories. There had already been a large movement of unpledged electors, and the Andrews-Werdel ticket worked to gain their support. As the campaign gained steam they collected followers from various conservative factions, including the official endorsement of the Constitution Party. The new party, which seems to have had a few name changes along the way depending on the state, was chiefly boosted by disciples of the recently deceased pro-Taft "Colonel" McCormick of the Chicago Tribune.

T. Coleman Andrews, a Virginian who had never run for office, was a darling of the conservatives for being an outspoken critic of the income tax system while he was Commissioner of Internal Revenue in the Eisenhower administration 1953-1955. His running mate, ex-Congressman Thomas H. Werdel of California, was a Taft Republican and sworn enemy of Earl Warren.

Rather than being a grassroots endeavor, this party appears to have been the product of an embryonic conservative media through print and radio acting as a rallying point for vested interests. Among the supporters were 1952 Constitution Party VP and anti-income tax activist Vivien Kellems as well as Joseph Milteer, who would be implicated in future JFK assassination theories.

The platform called for a strong military, pro-state's rights (code for pro-segregation), anti-income tax, anti "dangerous trend toward socialism," anti-communism, anti-foreign aid, anti-"world government."

It is difficult to ascertain just how many votes the ticket gained on Election Day due to the presence of unpledged electors also on the ballot who may or may not have supported Andrews/Werdel. The unpledged elector result was 196,318 (0.32%), finishing third ahead of all the minor parties. Andrews/Werdel placed fourth with 108,956 (0.18%).

They were on the ballot in 12 states and finished with 6.16% in Virginia and 2.11% in Tennessee, actually winning one county in each state. In their only role as a spoiler, they probably tipped the scales in Tennessee in favor of Eisenhower. After Arkansas (1.72%) they finished with less than 1% in the remainder of the states.

The 1956 results had no impact in the short run but would be significant in the long run.

Election history:
1943-1947 - California State Assembly (Republican)
1949-1953 - US House of Representatives (Calif.) (Republican)
1952 - Republican nomination for US President - defeated
1952 - US House of Representatives (Calif.) (Republican) - defeated

Other occupations: attorney

Buried: Greenlawn Cemetery and Mortuary (Bakersfield, Calif.)

Notes:
Buried in the same cemetery as Adrian Adonis.
Died as a result of complications from diabetes.
Originally from the Taft-wing of the Republican Party and an adversary of Earl Warren.
Joseph Milteer, who would be implicated in future JFK assassination theories, was active in the 1956
 campaign. And to make this trivia totally nerdy, Milteer is buried in a cemetery in Quitman, Ga., a
 town named after third party VP John Anthony Quitman who ran in the Southern Rights Party 1852!

Joseph Bracken Lee

Sen. William E. Jenner, Sen. Joe McCarthy, Gov. J. Bracken Lee

Joseph Bracken Lee, January 7, 1899 (Price, Utah) – October 20, 1996 (Salt Lake City, Utah)

VP candidate for Texas Constitution Party (1956)

Running mate with nominee: William E. Jenner (1908-1985)

Popular vote: 0 (0.00%)
Electoral vote: 0/531

The campaign:

The Texas Constitution Party was yet another protest organization that was part of the states' rights movement of the 1950s-1960s as a reaction to court-ordered racial integration. The national Constitution Party endorsed the States' Rights Party team of Thomas Coleman Andrew/Thomas Harold Werdel. But for reasons that are unclear, the Texas branch decided not to support the SRP ticket and ran their own candidates.

In Feb. 1956 the Texas Constitution Party nominated two extremely conservative Republicans: Sen. William E. Jenner of Indiana and Gov. J. Bracken "Brack" Lee of Utah. Jenner was also on the ballot that year as the VP for the States' Rights Party of Kentucky. Yes, it gets confusing real fast.

Gov. Lee was known for his style of blunt confrontation and for pulling colorful political stunts like being very public about refusing to pay his income tax unless certain conditions were met. In 1956 he was defeated in the Republican primary process for reelection and decided to try for another term instead as an Independent (and finished surprisingly well, but still failed to win).

Lee and Jenner do not seem to have been active in the campaign and were most likely nominated without their permission. Biographies of Gov. Lee give scant mention to the Texas Constitution Party if in fact it is even mentioned at all.

The platform of the party, which reflected Lee's own political beliefs, called for pulling the United States out of the United Nations, a repeal of the income tax laws, and giving communities full control of their schools (i.e. code for pro-segregation).

The Jenner/Lee ticket apparently did not make it to ballot status in Texas.

Election history:
1931 - Mayor of Price, Utah - defeated
1936-1947 - Mayor of Price, Utah
1940 - Republican nomination for Governor of Utah - defeated
1942 - US House of Representatives (Utah) (Republican) - defeated
1944 - Governor of Utah (Republican) - defeated
1949-1957 - Governor of Utah (Republican)
1956 - Republican nomination for Governor of Utah - defeated
1956 - Governor of Utah (Independent) - defeated
1958 - US Senate (Independent) - defeated
1960 - US President (Conservative Party of New Jersey) - defeated
1960-1972 - Mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah
1962 - Republican primary for US Senate - defeated

Other occupations: soldier (WWI), insurance business, semi-professional baseball player, real estate, newspaper publisher

Buried: Mount Olivet Cemetery (Salt Lake City, Utah)

Notes:
Most recent of three non-Mormon Governors of Utah.
Freemason.
In Mar. 1964 Louis E. Jaeckel, a Lancaster, SC free-lance writer announced he was running for
 President under the American Party (aka American Write-In Party) and "said his running mate may
 be J. Bracken Lee, former governor of Utah." Within a few a days wrote a letter of apology to Lee.

Fielding Lewis Wright

Fielding Lewis Wright, May 16, 1895 (Rolling Fork, Miss.) – May 4, 1956 (Jackson, Miss.)

VP candidate for States' Rights Democratic Party (aka States' Rights Party aka Dixiecrats) (1948)

Running mate with nominee: Strom Thurmond (1902-2003)

Popular vote: 1,175,930 (2.41%)    
Electoral vote: 39/531

The campaign:

When President Truman made moves to promote civil rights in general and to desegregate the military in particular, a group of Democrats from the Deep South walked out of the 1948 convention and formed the States' Rights Democratic Party, otherwise known as the Dixiecrats.

Gov. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina was selected as the Presidential nominee. The VP choice, Mississippi Gov. Fielding Wright, was actually much more involved in agitating to form the third party. The author James W. Leuwen described Fielding as "one of the most racist political leaders in Mississippi's history."

The Dixiecrats were a regional party and could never gain enough votes in the Electoral College to win and they knew it. Their aim was to gain 127 electoral votes and force the US House to break the deadlock, where a bloc of Southern members of Congress could have increased influence over the choice of the next President. 

Here is the entire Dixiecrat platform, Aug. 14, 1948:

We believe that the Constitution of the United States is the greatest charter of human liberty ever conceived by the mind of man.

- 2 -

We oppose all efforts to invade or destroy the rights guaranteed by it to every citizen of this republic.

- 3 -

We stand for social and economic justice, which, we believe can be guaranteed to all citizens only by a strict adherence to our Constitution and the avoidance of any invasion or destruction of the constitutional rights of the states and individuals. We oppose the totalitarian, centralized bureaucratic government and the police nation called for by the platforms adopted by the Democratic and Republican Conventions.

- 4 -
We stand for the segregation of the races and the racial integrity of each race; the constitutional right to choose one's associates; to accept private employment without governmental interference, and to earn one's living in any lawful way. We oppose the elimination of segregation, the repeal of miscegenation statutes, the control of private employment by Federal bureaucrats called for by the misnamed civil rights program. We favor home-rule, local self-government and a minimum interference with individual rights.

- 5 -

We oppose and condemn the action of the Democratic Convention in sponsoring a civil rights program calling for the elimination of segregation, social equality by Federal fiat, regulations of private employment practices, voting, and local law enforcement.

- 6 -

We affirm that the effective enforcement of such a program would be utterly destructive of the social, economic and political life of the Southern people, and of other localities in which there may be differences in race, creed or national origin in appreciable numbers.

- 7 -
We stand for the check and balances provided by the three departments of our government. We oppose the usurpation of legislative functions by the executive and judicial departments. We unreservedly condemn the effort to establish in the United States a police nation that would destroy the last vestige of liberty enjoyed by a citizen.

- 8 -

We demand that there be returned to the people to whom of right they belong, those powers needed for the preservation of human rights and the discharge of our responsibility as democrats for human welfare. We oppose a denial of those by political parties, a barter or sale of those rights by a political convention, as well as any invasion or violation of those rights by the Federal Government. We call upon all Democrats and upon all other loyal Americans who are opposed to totalitarianism at home and abroad to unite with us in ignominiously defeating Harry S. Truman, Thomas E. Dewey and every other candidate for public office who would establish a Police Nation in the United States of America.

- 9 -
We, therefore, urge that this Convention endorse the candidacies of J. Strom Thurmond and Fielding H. Wright for the President and Vice-president, respectively, of the United States of America.

Clearly this was a platform written as if only white people were the true citizens protected by the Constitution and the liberties the Dixiecrats loftily celebrated did not apply to others. One of the most quoted utterances from the campaign was made by Wright in a radio address aimed at African Americans: "If any of you have become so deluded as to want to enter our white schools, patronize our hotels and cafes, enjoy social equality with the whites, then true kindness and sympathy requires me to advise you to make your homes in some other state."

The Thurmond/Wright ticket began the Southern Democratic Party 20 year transition as they morphed into Republicans, which was made complete and total in the presidential election of 1972. Thurmond himself switched to the Republicans in 1964. The Dixiecrats were a third party the Democrats were not going to co-opt.

Some historians believe that Henry Wallace's Progressive Party split from the Left made it more difficult to pin the Communist label on mainstream Democrats, while Thurmond's split from the Right made it more difficult to call the conventional Democrats a bunch of racists. In some weird ways these third parties actually helped Truman.

Although the States' Rights Democratic Party had a tiny popular vote, they captured 39 Electoral votes (far short of their goal) from Mississippi (97.17%), Alabama (79.75%, Truman was not even on the ballot), South Carolina (71.97%), Louisiana (49.07%), and one faithless elector in Tennessee (13.41%). Other strong results: Georgia (20.31%, where they placed 2nd), Arkansas (16.32%), Florida (15.54%), Virginia (10.35%), Texas (9.11%) and North Carolina (8.80%). They had a small amount of votes from six other states.  

Election history:
1928-1931 - Mississippi State Senate (Democratic)
1932-1940 - Mississippi House of Representatives (Democratic)
1944-1946 - Lt. Governor of Mississippi (Democratic)
1946-1952 - Governor of Mississippi (Democratic)
1955 - Democratic primary for Governor of Mississippi (Democratic) - defeated

Other occupations: attorney, US Army soldier (WWI), Speaker of the House (Miss.), semiprofessional baseball player

Buried: Kelly Cemetery (Rolling Fork, Miss.)

Notes:
Distant cousin of George Washington.
More comfortable as a backroom operator than as a hail-fellow-well-met politician.